Development and Environment
Unit 4. Covers Urbanisation; Critique of conventional development; Gandhian approach to development; Urban environmental planning; New urbanism and case studies.
About this unit
This unit asks what kind of development is good for people and the planet. It covers urbanisation and its push and pull factors, a critique of growth-centred development, the Gandhian approach (Sarvodaya, Antyodaya, Gram Swaraj, Panchayati Raj), urban environmental planning (sanitation, water, transport, energy, housing, rainwater harvesting, composting), and new urbanism with case studies from Bogotá, Cuba, Curitiba and Cochabamba.
How to prepare
List push and pull factors with examples. Learn Gandhian terms and their meanings, with the 73rd Amendment (1992). For case studies, make a one-line summary of each city: who, what and when. Connect ideas: Gandhian village self-sufficiency and the critique of conventional development both question the GDP-first model, and new urbanism applies similar thinking to cities.
Topics in this chapter
Urbanisation
Push and pull factors, consequences and future trends.
5 questionsCritique of conventional development
Sustainability, equity, resource exploitation, waste and pollution.
5 questionsGandhian approach to development
Antyodaya, Sarvodaya, Panchayati Raj, village self-sufficiency and cottage industries.
5 questionsUrban environmental planning
Sanitation, water, transport, energy, housing and indigenous solutions such as rainwater harvesting and composting.
5 questionsNew urbanism and case studies
Smart growth; Bogotá, Cuba, Curitiba and Cochabamba.
5 questions