The essentials
South Asian countries share long borders, rivers and history, which bring both conflict and cooperation. Conflicts have arisen over territory, the sharing of river waters, the movement of people across borders, and support to armed groups. India and Pakistan, in particular, have fought wars and have a long-standing dispute over Kashmir. Both countries acquired nuclear weapons and tested them in 1998, which raised concerns about security in the region.
At the same time, states have tried to settle problems through negotiation. The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, mediated by the World Bank, has governed the sharing of the Indus river system between India and Pakistan and has largely held through periods of tension.
Key points
- The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was set up in 1985 by seven countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan joined later.
- SAARC aims to promote cooperation in economic, social, cultural and technical fields. Its secretariat is in Kathmandu.
- The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement was signed in 2004 and came into effect in 2006, aiming to reduce trade barriers among members.
- Some smaller states have worried that SAFTA might mainly benefit India, while some in India have felt the gains may be limited; these debates are part of the regional politics.
- Political differences between members have often limited SAARC's progress.
- Outside powers, such as the United States and China, have also played a role in the region.
Exam tips
Memorise SAARC (1985), SAFTA (signed 2004, in force 2006) and the Indus Waters Treaty (1960). Be able to list factors that limit regional cooperation.
Common mistakes
- Including Myanmar or Afghanistan among SAARC's founding members. Afghanistan joined later and Myanmar is not a member.