The essentials
India maintained good relations with the USSR during the Cold War, and after 1991 it built ties with all the post-communist states. Of these, Russia remains the most important partner. India and Russia share a vision of a multipolar world order, in which several centres of power coexist, security is collective, and disputes are settled through negotiation and international institutions.
During the Cold War, India and the USSR had close economic, military and cultural links. The Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation was signed in 1971. The USSR supported India's public-sector industries and accepted payment in rupees at times when India had little foreign exchange. Indian films and literature were popular in the USSR.
Key points
- Russia has been a major supplier of military equipment to India.
- Russia supports India's position on several international issues, including India's claim to a larger role in the UN.
- India is interested in Russia and Central Asia as sources of oil and natural gas, which helps its energy security.
- India and Russia cooperate in areas such as science and technology, space and nuclear energy.
- Both countries favour a world with several centres of power rather than domination by one.
- The Central Asian republics matter to India for energy resources and regional stability.
Exam tips
Remember the phrase "multipolar world order" and the 1971 treaty. Questions may ask why Russia is important to India; the main answers are defence cooperation, energy and diplomatic support.
Common mistakes
- Confusing the 1971 Indo-Soviet treaty with a military alliance. India remained non-aligned.