The essentials
India has taken an active part in international environmental negotiations, usually together with other developing countries. Its basic position is that environmental protection must go together with the right to development, and that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should guide global action.
India signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. Under that protocol, developing countries including India and China were not required to meet binding emission-reduction targets, because historically most greenhouse gas emissions came from the industrialised countries. India has argued that its per capita emissions are low compared with those of developed countries, and that it would be unfair to place the same restrictions on countries that are still working to reduce poverty.
Key points
- India supports the transfer of clean technology and financial resources from developed to developing countries.
- Domestic measures include the National Auto Fuel Policy for cleaner fuels, the Energy Conservation Act (2001) and the Electricity Act (2003), which encourages renewable energy.
- India has promoted the use of natural gas, renewable sources such as solar and wind, and energy efficiency.
- India has favoured the review of commitments under international agreements through the UNFCCC process.
- India has stressed that global environmental arrangements should take account of its developmental needs.
Exam tips
The core argument, low per capita emissions and historical responsibility of developed countries, is the most frequently tested point. Know the Kyoto year (1997) and India's ratification (2002).
Common mistakes
- Saying India rejects all environmental commitments. India participates in global agreements while seeking fair burden-sharing.