The essentials
In sociology, a minority is not simply a group that is numerically small. It is a group that experiences some disadvantage and has a sense of group solidarity arising from that disadvantage. Small groups can be privileged (for example, the very rich), so "minority" in the sociological sense usually implies vulnerability. Religious and linguistic minorities may fear that a majority will dominate them culturally or politically.
The Indian Constitution therefore gives specific protections. Articles 25 to 28 guarantee freedom of religion to all, including the freedom to profess, practise and propagate religion, while allowing the state to regulate secular activities and to undertake social reform. Article 29 protects the right of any section of citizens with a distinct language, script or culture to conserve it. Article 30 gives religious and linguistic minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Indian secularism differs from the Western idea of strict separation. In India it means that the state does not favour any one religion and treats all religions with equal respect, while it may intervene in religious matters to promote equality and reform.
Key points
- Sociological minority = disadvantage + group solidarity, not just small size.
- Some minorities, such as the Parsis, are economically well off yet culturally vulnerable because of their small numbers.
- Protections aim at both freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.
- Fear of majoritarianism can strengthen minority identity.
Exam tips
Remember Articles 29 and 30 together as cultural and educational rights.
Common mistakes
Do not equate secularism in India with hostility to religion.