Core concepts and their pedagogy

Pedagogical content knowledge

Knowing a subject is not enough: a teacher must know how learners understand it, which misconceptions are common, and which examples, models and activities make it clear.

Examples

• Mathematics: use concrete objects before symbols; build on place value.
• Science: start from observations and experiments; address misconceptions (for example, that heavier objects always fall faster).
• Language: a print-rich environment, read-alouds and stories.
• Social science: local examples, maps, debates and field visits.