Useful rules
- “i before e except after c” (believe, receive) has exceptions (weird, seize).
- Doubling the final consonant: run → running, stop → stopped (short vowel + one consonant).
- Dropping silent e before a vowel suffix: make → making, but keep it before a consonant suffix: hope → hopeful.
- Changing y to i: happy → happiness, carry → carried.
Practice questions
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